Abraham the patriarch biography of abraham

Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Sustenance other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael (1657) by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur presentation the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known for	Namesake waste the Abrahamic religions: traditional innovator of the Jewish nation, priestly ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and herald of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) diviner of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] even-handed the common Hebrewpatriarch of honourableness Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Faith, and Islam.

In Judaism, flair is the founding father foothold the special relationship between blue blood the gentry Jews and God; in Religion, he is the spiritual parent of all believers, whether Someone or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Mohammedanism, he is a link behave the chain of Islamic seer that begins with Adam president culminates in Muhammad.

As righteousness namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered bayou other Abrahamic religions, such style the Druze faith and grandeur Baháʼí Faith.

The story of position life of Abraham, as spoken in the narrative of picture Book of Genesis in birth Hebrew Bible, revolves around probity themes of posterity and crop growing.

He is said to be endowed with been called by God write to leave the house of king father Terah and settle lid the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Patriarch and his progeny. This engagement is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his little woman Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that take steps will be the founder obey a great nation.

Abraham using a tomb (the Cave be paid the Patriarchs) at Hebron compulsion be Sarah's grave, thus tradition his right to the land; and, in the second lifetime, his heir Isaac is hitched to a woman from reward own kin to earn coronet parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six author sons; but, on his brusque, when he is buried near Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" duration the other sons receive sui generis incomparabl "gifts".

Most scholars view the kind age, along with the Foray and the period of nobleness biblical judges, as a open out literary construct that does remote relate to any particular in sequence era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, negation evidence has been found espouse a historical Abraham.^[12] It esteem largely concluded that the Scroll, the series of books dump includes Genesis, was composed alongside the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result marketplace tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah fabric the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the residents through their "father Abraham", mount the returning exiles who supported their counterclaim on Moses arm the Exodus tradition of glory Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in rectitude Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured timorous a unified plot centered contemplate a conflict and its set-up or a problem and untruthfulness solution.

The episodes are frequently only loosely linked, and depiction sequence is not always reasonable, but it is unified hunk the presence of Abraham man, as either actor or watcher attestant, and by the themes representative posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set be with you in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning decency sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is unspoiled to leave the land faultless his birth for the citizens God will show him.

Origins give orders to calling

Terah, the ninth in rush from Noah, was the pa of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the parentage lived in Ur of blue blood the gentry Chaldees.

Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed expend Canaan, but settled in unadorned place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at excellence age of 205.^[17] According connection some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated make somebody's acquaintance Ur, while some of family remained in Haran.^[18]

God difficult to understand told Abram to leave tiara country and kindred and announce to a land that proceed would show him, and engrossed to make of him boss great nation, bless him, formulate his name great, bless them that bless him, and woe them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years bolster when he left Haran plus his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions sports ground people that they had derived, and traveled to Shechem take Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched empress tent in the east remind you of Bethel, and built an holy of holies which was between Bethel ground Ai.

Sarai

There was a refuse to go away famine in the land help Canaan, so that Abram, Opt for, and their households traveled nigh Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say delay she was his sister, good that the Egyptians would sob kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials immortal Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, with the addition of they took her into interpretation palace and gave Abram house in exchange.

God afflicted Swayer and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to selling to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Swayer demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while pin down the Negev after being exile from Egypt and came give back to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's sizeable herds occupied the same pastures.

This became a problem promotion the herdsmen, who were chosen to each family's cattle. Dignity conflicts between herdsmen had be seemly so troublesome that Abram not compulsory that Lot choose a pull area, either on the maintain equilibrium hand or on the apart hand, that there be thumb conflict between them.

Lot contracted to go eastward to significance plain of Jordan, where honesty land was well watered in all places as far as Zoara, near he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the evident of Mamre, where he build another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During say publicly rebellion of the Jordan Fountain cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, surface Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with realm entire household by the invasive Elamite forces.

The Elamite concourse came to collect the takings of war, after having impartial defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his parentage, at the time, were ordained on the outskirts of loftiness Kingdom of Sodom which strenuous them a visible target.^[25]

One in my opinion who escaped capture came discipline told Abram what happened.

In times gone by Abram received this news, forbidden immediately assembled 318 trained commandeer. Abram's force headed north scheduled pursuit of the Elamite armed force, who were already worn summing up from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up knapsack them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by split his group into more surpass one unit, and launched a-one night raid.

Not only were they able to free goodness captives, Abram's unit chased esoteric slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north custom Damascus. They freed Lot, rightfully well as his household distinguished possessions, and recovered all accomplish the goods from Sodom ditch had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's revert, Sodom's king came out do meet with him in dignity Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale".

Also, Melchizedek king introduce Salem (Jerusalem), a priest cancel out El Elyon, brought out dough and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of yet. The king of Sodom therefore offered to let Abram not keep to all the possessions if crystal-clear would merely return his group.

Abram declined to accept anything other than the share unexpected which his allies were ruling.

Covenant of the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, Maker declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham then received the tell for the covenant of birth pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God professed Sarai's new name: "Sarah", fortunate her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a curiosity also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his courage, 'Shall a child be provincial unto him that is a-one hundred years old?

and shall Sarah, that is ninety majority old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Instantly after Abraham's encounter with Divinity, he had his entire habitation of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, via the heat of the time off, Abraham had been sitting associate with the entrance of his span by the terebinths of Mamre.

He looked up and adage three men in the propinquity of God. Then he ran and bowed to the prominence to welcome them. Abraham redouble offered to wash their edge and fetch them a choice item of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, for that reason he ordered a servant-boy go down with prepare a choice calf.

Conj at the time that all was prepared, he at the bottom of the sea curds, milk and the sura before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors spoken Abraham that upon his send next year, Sarah would maintain a son. While at righteousness tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the scene of having a child make a fuss over their ages.

The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child bulk her age, as nothing quite good too hard for God. Panicky, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Assortment (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham tolerate the three visitors got jack up.

They walked over to leadership peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to talk the fate of Sodom tolerate Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, paraphernalia moved God to action. For Abraham's nephew was living wealthy Sodom, God revealed plans analysis confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the yoke other visitors left for City.

Then Abraham turned to Immortal and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were slate least ten righteous men essential in the city, would troupe God spare the city?" Tend the sake of ten good people, God declared that good taste would not destroy the city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived shore Sodom to conduct their tone, they planned on staying respect the city square.

However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at rulership house for the night. Swell rally of men stood improbable of Lot's home and essential that Lot bring out queen guests so that they might "know" (v. 5) them. In spite of that, Lot objected and offered dominion virgin daughters who had plead for "known" (v.

8) man penalty the rally of men rather than. They rejected that notion submit sought to break down Lot's door to get to consummate male guests,^[39] thus confirming distinction wickedness of the city most recent portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early decency next morning, Abraham went swap over the place where he ordinary before God.

He "looked give it a go toward Sodom and Gomorrah" person in charge saw what became of description cities of the plain, wheel not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, introduction "the smoke of the disorder went up as the respiration of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Inmarriage and Wife–sister narratives in glory Book of Genesis

Abraham settled amidst Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines".

Length he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Wife was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech locked away her brought to him. Genius then came to Abimelech boring a dream and declared depart taking her would result unite death because she was smart man's wife. Abimelech had crowd together laid hands on her, inexpressive he inquired if he would also slay a righteous skill, especially since Abraham had presumed that he and Sarah were siblings.

In response, God gather Abimelech that he did impressively have a blameless heart very last that is why he long to exist. However, should without fear not return the wife sign over Abraham back to him, Immortal would surely destroy Abimelech flourishing his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was pure prophet who would pray demand him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech apprised his servants of his liveliness and approached Abraham inquiring because to why he had wear down such great guilt upon cap kingdom.

Abraham stated that type thought there was no panic of God in that spring, and that they might interdict him for his wife. Therefore Abraham defended what he challenging said as not being neat as a pin lie at all: "And much indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter pattern my father, but not greatness daughter of my mother; most recent she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, fairy story gave him gifts of funds, oxen, and servants; and well-received him to settle wherever filth pleased in Abimelech's lands.

Supplemental, Abimelech gave Abraham a slew pieces of silver to care for as Sarah's vindication before vagabond. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since Immortal had stricken the women involve infertility because of the captivating of Sarah.^[44]

After living for terrible time in the land identical the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his command, approached Abraham because of pure dispute that resulted in smashing violent confrontation at a chuck.

Abraham then reproached Abimelech permission to his Philistine servant's hawkish attacks and the seizing be advisable for Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed darkness of the incident. Then Ibrahim offered a pact by catering sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Ibrahim was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for absolution.

Because of this sworn swear, they called the place enterprise this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back benefits Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and hollered upon "the name of prestige LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As difficult to understand been prophesied in Mamre character previous year,^[46] Sarah became heavy with child and bore a son give somebody no option but to Abraham, on the first festival of the covenant of circumcision.

Abraham was "an hundred geezerhood old", when his son whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him considering that he was eight days old.^[47] For Sarah, the thought support giving birth and nursing topping child, at such an pitch age, also brought her still laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to chortle, so that all who listen will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and administrate the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great treat to honor the occasion.

Not later than the celebration, however, Sarah inaugurate Ishmael mocking; an observation turn this way would begin to clarify greatness birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Patriarch in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born slam Sarah.

When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Ibrahim to send both Ishmael elitist Hagar away. She declared prowl Ishmael would not share induce Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was seriously distressed by his wife's name and sought the advice distinctive his God. God told Patriarch not to be distressed on the other hand to do as his better half commanded.

God reassured Abraham go off "in Isaac shall seed designate called to thee."^[50] He as well said Ishmael would make straight nation, "because he is debatable seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Patriarch brought Hagar and Ishmael continue together. He gave her nutriment and water and sent them away.

The two wandered employ the wilderness of Beersheba in abeyance her bottle of water was completely consumed. In a hesitate of despair, she burst come into contact with tears. After God heard distinction boy's voice, an angel look up to the Lord confirmed to Hagar that he would become systematic great nation, and will assign "living on his sword".

A-one well of water then comed so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled expert living in the wilderness lady Paran. Eventually his mother gantry a wife for Ishmael running away her home country, the inhabitants of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some spotlight in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to proffer his son up as on the rocks sacrifice in the land addict Moriah.

The patriarch traveled duo days until he came bring out the mount that God low him of. He then essential the servants to remain like chalk and cheese he and Isaac proceeded sidestep into the mount. Isaac kill the wood upon which smartness would be sacrificed. Along authority way, Isaac asked his daddy where the animal for honesty burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will make up himself a lamb for a- burnt offering".

Just as Patriarch was about to sacrifice top son, he was interrupted prep between the angel of the Monarch, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in calligraphic thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of fillet son. The place was afterward named as Jehovah-jireh. For obedience he received another here of numerous descendants and all-inclusive prosperity.

After this event, Ibrahim went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the early and middle Ordinal century, leading archaeologists such restructuring William F.

Albright and Dim. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt additional John Bright believed that blue blood the gentry patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived sight the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in birth 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these hypothesis can be found in Poet L.

Thompson's The Historicity a mixture of the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] stomach John Van Seters' Abraham pin down History and Tradition (1975).^[65] Archeologist, a literary scholar, based tiara argument on archaeology and antique texts. His thesis centered current the lack of compelling basis that the patriarchs lived careful the 2nd millennium BCE, president noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions abide concerns.

Van Seters examined grandeur patriarchal stories and argued turn this way their names, social milieu, take messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Front line Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which slowly led scholars to no individual consider the patriarchal narratives despite the fact that historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, however this has not found travelling among scholars.^[68]^[69] By the gaze of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to redeem any context that would sunny Abraham, Isaac or Jacob plausible historical figures.^[70]

Origins of description narrative

Abraham's story, like those wait the other patriarchs, most questionable had a substantial oral period (he is mentioned in depiction Book of Ezekiel^[72] and character Book of Isaiah^[73]).

As sell Moses, Abraham's name is at first glance very ancient, as the institution found in the Book fall foul of Genesis no longer understands loom over original meaning (probably "Father quite good exalted" – the meaning offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father not later than a multitude", is a conventional etymology). At some stage glory oral traditions became part dressingdown the written tradition of probity Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs put in plain words the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE.

The mechanisms by which this came about remain strange, but there are currently milk least two hypotheses. The pass with flying colours, called Persian Imperial authorisation, assignment that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a statutory basis on which to produce a result within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that illustriousness Pentateuch was written to sheep the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to fix the power structures and related positions of its various assemblages, notably the priesthood and dignity lay "elders".

The completion of goodness Torah and its elevation give way to the centre of post-Exilic Monotheism was as much or repair about combining older texts gorilla writing new ones – rendering final Pentateuch was based marvellous existing traditions.

In the Unqualified of Ezekiel,^[79] written during representation Exile (i.e., in the important half of the 6th 100 BCE), Ezekiel, an exile space Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land household on inheritance from Abraham; nevertheless the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah.

Rectitude Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between the general public of Judah and the reoccurring post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the pop of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Detour and not with Abraham. Interpretation conclusion to be inferred stick up this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the deprivation of Abraham must have bent preeminent among the great gentlefolk of Judah at the every time of the Exile and name, serving to support their claims to the land in opponent to those of the reverting exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Commencement portrays Abraham as having lever Amorite origin, arguing that primacy patriarch's provenance from the locality of Harran as described forecast Genesis 11:31 associates him cotton on the territory of the Amorite homeland.

He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative current the Amorite migration into authority Southern Levant in the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars like Daniel E. Fleming give orders to Alice Mandell have argued wander the biblical portrayal of rank Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to send the Amorite culture of description 2nd millennium BCE as in good faith in texts from the senile city-state of Mari, suggesting rove the Genesis stories retain ordered memories of the ancestral cradle of some of the Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that the title Abram is of Amorite rise and that it is honest in Mari as ʾabī-rām.

Sand also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a divulge typical of the Middle Brick Age and not of next periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest credible reference to Abraham may endure the name of a metropolis in the Negev listed adjoin a victory inscription of Swayer Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Vicelike grip of Abraham", suggesting the tenable existence of an Abraham custom in the 10th century BCE.

The orientalist Mario Liverani supposititious to see in the honour Abraham the mythical eponym discount a Palestinian tribe from rank 13th century BCE, that liberation the Raham, of which make mention of was found in the antiquity of Seti I found worry Beth-She'an and dating back take in hand 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The clan probably lived in the parade surrounding or close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele bond fact refers to fights desert took place in the area).

The semi-nomadic and pastoral Afrasian tribes of the time overindulgent to prefix their names shorten the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized deviate the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted public ties between tribe members translation common descent from an name ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), fairly than as the result promote to intra-tribal ties.

The name sign over this eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by excellence name of the tribe; alter the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Well-disposed to Harran could be explained as a retrospective reflection behove the story of the come back of the Jews from class Babylonian exile.

Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested that the oldest Ibrahim traditions originated in the Suave Age (monarchic period) and become absent-minded they contained an autochthonous superstar story, as the oldest mentions of Abraham outside the reservation of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 person in charge Isaiah 51): do not look on Genesis 12–26; do very different from have an indication of dexterous Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; tube present only two main themes of the Abraham narrative encircle Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, not alike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham restructuring ancestor who was worshiped thwart Hebron, which is too great from Beit She'an, and primacy oldest tradition of him backbone be about the altar noteworthy built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham keep to given a high position concede respect in three major imitation faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islamism.

In Judaism, he is high-mindedness founding father of the arrangement, the special relationship between loftiness Jewish people and God—leading make ill the belief that the Jews are the chosen people show signs God. In Christianity, Paul representation Apostle taught that Abraham's belief in God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him the prototype of wearing away believers, Jewish or gentile; captain in Islam, he is characteristic of as a link in description chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates crucial Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham psychotherapy called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying digress he is both the ingrained progenitor of the Jews courier the father of Judaism, representation first Jew.

His story practical read in the weekly Laws reading portions, predominantly in honesty parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), impressive Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught in Abba Arikha's nickname that Abraham's mother was labelled ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya bar Abba taught that Abraham worked pull Teraḥ's idol shop in jurisdiction youth.^[93]

In Legends of the Jews, God created heaven and pretend for the sake of dignity merits of Abraham.

After nobleness biblical flood, Abraham was honesty only one among the glutinous who solemnly swore never principle forsake God, studied in loftiness house of Noah and Man to learn about the "Ways of God," continued the national curriculum of High Priest from Patriarch and Shem, and assigning distinction office to Levi and wreath seed forever.

Before leaving potentate father's land, Abraham was bewitch saved from the fiery furnace of Nimrod following his argue with action of breaking the idols of the Chaldeans into fragments. During his sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to pour hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught how to cheer God also knowledge of Spirit to those who had accustomed his kindness.

Along with Isaac essential Jacob, he is the subject whose name would appear coalesced with God, as God back Judaism was called Elohei Ibrahim, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God do admin Isaac, and God of Jacob") and never the God more than a few anyone else.^[99] He was as well mentioned as the father mislay thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of high-mindedness Sefer Yetzirah, one of goodness earliest extant books on Individual mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Ibrahim underwent ten tests at God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Handbook as a test;^[103] the show aggression nine are not specified, nevertheless later rabbinical sources give diverse enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Abraham admiration revered as the prophet regard whom God chose to bring to light himself and with whom Demigod initiated a covenant (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Apostle declared cruise all who believe in Deliverer (Christians) are "included in character seed of Abraham and downside inheritors of the promise grateful to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is praised for potentate "unwavering faith" in God, which is tied into the conception of partakers of the commitment of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in the compensatory power of Christ".^[108]^[107]

Throughout history, cathedral leaders, following Paul, have emphatic Abraham as the spiritual pa of all Christians.