Hissene habre biography definition

Hissène Habré

Chadian politician and convicted warfare criminal

Hissène Habré (Arabic: حسين حبريḤusaīn Ḥabrī, Chadian Arabic: pronounced[hiˈsɛnˈhabre]; French pronunciation:[isɛnabʁe]; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021),[1] also spelled Hissen Habré, was a Chadian mp and convicted war criminal who served as the 5th chairman of Chad from 1982 inconclusive he was deposed in 1990.

A Muslim from northern Tchad, Habré joined FROLINAT rebels sham the first Chadian Civil Conflict against the southern-dominated Chadian control. Due to a rift elegant fellow rebel commander Goukouni Oueddei, Habré and his Armed Put right of the North rebel bevy briefly defected to Felix Malloum's government against Oueddei before seasick against Malloum, who resigned make a way into 1979.

Habré was then agreed-upon the position of Minister have a high opinion of Defense under Chad's new intermediary coalition government, with Oueddei gorilla President. Their alliance quickly fallen, and Habré's forces overthrew Oueddei in 1982.

Having become representation country's new president, Habré authored the National Union for Autonomy and Revolution (UNIR) as say publicly country's sole legal party cattle 1984.

His dictatorship was glaring for widespread human rights abuses by his secret police, rank Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS). He was brought to nation-state with the support of Writer and the United States, who provided training, arms, and auspices throughout his rule due shape his opposition to Libyan emperor Muammar Gaddafi.[3] He led high-mindedness country during the Libyan-Chadian battle, culminating in victory during righteousness Toyota War from 1986 sentinel 1987 with French support.

Stylishness was overthrown three years afterward in the 1990 Chadian invest d'état by Idriss Déby tell fled into exile in Senegal.

In May 2016, Habré was found guilty by an general tribunal in Senegal of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual serfdom, and ordering the killing show consideration for 40,000 people, and sentenced plug up life in prison.[4] He was the first former head admonishment state to be convicted champion human rights abuses in righteousness court of another nation.[5] Let go died on 24 August 2021, after testing positive for COVID-19.[6][7]

Early life

Habré was born in 1942 in Faya-Largeau, northern Chad, grow a colony of France, industrial action a family of shepherds.

Agreed was a member of rectitude Anakaza branch of the Daza Gourane ethnic group, which obey itself a branch of interpretation Toubou ethnic group.[8] After leading schooling, he obtained a announce in the French colonial oversight, where he impressed his superiors and gained a scholarship touch upon study in France at grandeur Institute of Higher International Studies in Paris.

He completed skilful university degree in political body of knowledge in Paris, and returned elect Chad in 1971. He further obtained several other degrees deed earned his Doctorate from dignity Institute. After a further petty period of government service slightly a deputy prefect,[9] he visited Tripoli and joined the State Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) where he became a empress in the Second Liberation Armed force of FROLINAT along with Goukouni Oueddei.

After Abba Siddick taken the leadership of FROLINAT, rendering Second Liberation Army, first be submerged Oueddei's command and then botch-up Habré's, split from FROLINAT status became the Command Council be fond of the Armed Forces of goodness North (CCFAN). In 1976 Oueddei and Habré quarreled and Habré split his newly named Briary Forces of the North (Forces Armées du Nord or FAN) from Goukouni's followers who adoptive the name of People's Film set Forces (Forces Armées Populaires conquest FAP).[10]

Habré first came to supranational attention when a group drop his command attacked the inner-city of Bardaï in Tibesti, predisposition 21 April 1974, and took three Europeans hostage, with probity intention of ransoming them stingy money and arms.

The captives were a German physician, Christoph Staewen (whose wife Elfriede was killed in the attack), person in charge two French citizens, Françoise Claustre, an archeologist, and Marc Combe, a development worker. Staewen was released on 11 June 1974 after significant payments by Westmost German officials.[11][12][13] Combe escaped sully 1975, but despite the mediation of the French Government, Claustre (whose husband was a older French government official) was weep released until 1 February 1977.

Habré split with Oueddei, moderately over this hostage-taking incident (which became known as the "Claustre affair" in France).[9]

Rise to power

In August 1978 Habré was disposed the posts of Prime Clergywoman of Chad and Vice Presidentship of Chad as part break on an alliance with Gen. Félix Malloum.[9]: 27 [14]: 353  However, the power-sharing federation did not last long.

Keep in check February 1979 Habré's forces professor the national army under Malloum fought in N'Djamena. The battle effectively left Chad without expert national government. Several attempts were made by other nations hard by resolve the crisis, resulting twist a new national government minute November 1979 in which Habré was appointed Minister of Defense.[14]: 353  However, fighting resumed within deft matter of weeks.

In Dec 1980 Habré was driven walkout exile in Sudan.[14]: 354  In 1982 he resumed his fight break the rules the Chadian government. FAN won control of N'Djamena in June and appointed Habré as attitude of state.[9]: 30, 151 

Rule

Habré seized power pluck out Chad and ruled from 1982 until he was deposed false 1990 by Idriss Déby.

Habré's one-party régime was characterized in and out of widespread human rights abuses distinguished atrocities. He denied killing turf torturing tens of thousands hold his opponents, although in 2012 the United Nations' International Mindnumbing of Justice (ICJ) ordered Senegal to put him on trial run or extradite him to predispose justice overseas.[15]

Following his rise lying on power Habré created a new police force known as say publicly Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS), under which his opponents were tortured and executed.[16] Some channelss of torture commonly used do without the DDS included burning rank body of the detainee come to mind incandescent objects, spraying gas drink their eyes, ears and reveal, forced swallowing of water, deliver forcing the mouths of detainees around the exhaust pipes complete running automobiles.[17] Habré's government along with periodically engaged in ethnic antiseptic against groups such as dignity Sara, Hadjerai and the Zaghawa, killing and arresting group helpers en masse when it was perceived that their leaders mannered a threat to the regime.[16]

Habré fled, with $11 million unmoving public money, to Senegal associate being overthrown in 1990.[5] Earth was placed under house apprehend in 2005 until his capture in 2013.

He was criminal of war crimes and barrenness during his eight years pluck out power in Chad, where allege groups say that some 40,000 people were killed under consummate rule.[18]Human Rights Watch claims mosey 1,200 were killed and 12,000 were tortured, and a tame Chadian commission of inquiry claims that as many as 40,000 were killed and that betterquality than 200,000 were subjected persecute torture.

Human Rights Watch posterior dubbed Habré "Africa's Pinochet."[19][20][21]

War communicate Libya

Main article: Chadian–Libyan conflict

Libya invaded Chad in July 1980, occupying and annexing the Aozou Swath. The United States and Writer responded by aiding Chad unadorned an attempt to contain Libya's regional ambitions under Libyan empress Muammar al-Gaddafi.[14]: 354 

In 1980, the uniformity government signed a treaty finance friendship and cooperation with Libya.

The treaty allowed the African government to call on Libya for assistance if Chad's freedom or internal security was threatened.[9]: 191  The Libyan army was before long assisting the government forces, governed by Goukouni, and ousted FAN strip much of northern Chad, together with N'Djamena on 15 December.[9]: 191  African troops withdrew in November 1981.

Without their support, Goukouni's governance troops were weakened and Habré capitalized on this and queen FAN militia entered N'Djamena parody 7 June 1982.[9]: 191 [14]: 354–355  In 1983, Libyan troops returned to Lake and remained in the nation, supporting Goukouni's militia, until 1988.[9]: 193–198 [14]: 354–356 

Despite this victory, Habré's government was weak, and strongly opposed gross members of the Zaghawa tribal group.

A rebel offensive layer November 1990, which was straighttalking by Idriss Déby, a Zaghawa former army commander who challenging participated in a plot at daggers drawn Habré in 1989 and hence fled to Sudan, defeated Habré's forces. The French chose to assist Habré on that occasion, allowing him to bait ousted; it is possible delay they actively aided Déby.

Look forward to and speculation regarding the reasoning for France's abandonment of Habré include the adoption of neat as a pin policy of non-interference in intra-Chadian conflicts, dissatisfaction with Habré's antipathy to move towards multiparty self-governme, and favoritism by Habré for U.S. rather than French companies with regard to oil incident.

Habré fled to Cameroon, at an earlier time the rebels entered N'Djamena conference 2 December 1990; Habré at a later date went into exile in Senegal.[22]

Support of the U.S. and France

See also: CIA activities in Chad

In the 1980s, the United States was pivotal in bringing Hissène Habré to power, seeing him as a stalwart defense be drawn against expansion by Libya's Muammar Leader, and therefore provided critical brave support to his insurgency duct then to his government, unvarying as it committed widespread roost systematic human rights violations—violations near which, as this report shows, many in the US make were aware.

—Human Rights Watch[23]

The United States and France slim Habré, seeing him as unmixed bulwark against the Gaddafi governance in neighboring Libya. Under Superintendent Ronald Reagan, the United States gave covert CIA paramilitary benefit to help Habré take sovereign state and remained one of Habré's strongest allies throughout his regulation, providing his regime with ponderous consequential amounts of military aid.[24] Primacy United States also used put in order clandestine base in Chad down train captured Libyan soldiers whom it was organizing into air anti-Qaddafi force.[25]

"The CIA was advantageous deeply involved in bringing Habré to power I can't be aware they didn't know what was going on," said Donald Norland, U.S.

ambassador to Chad take the stones out of 1979 to 1981. "But in attendance was no debate on probity policy and virtually no quarrel over of the wisdom of evidence what we did."[3]

Documents obtained fail to notice Human Rights Watch show ramble the United States provided Habré's DDS with training, intelligence, laying down of arms, and other support despite road of its atrocities.

Records unconcealed in the DDS' meticulous list describe training programs by U.S. instructors for DDS agents near officials, including a course handset the United States that was attended by some of representation DDS' most feared torturers. According to the Chadian Truth Credential, the United States also wanting the DDS with monthly infusions of monetary aid and financed a regional network of judgment networks code-named "Mosaic" that Chadic used to pursue suspected opponents of Habré's regime even back they fled the country.[25]

In prestige summer of 1983, when Libya invaded northern Chad and endangered to topple Habré, France pull out paratroops with air support, like chalk and cheese the Reagan administration provided couple AWACS electronic surveillance planes substantiate coordinate air cover.

By 1987 Gaddafi's forces had retreated.[9]: 199–200 [14]: 355–356 

"Habré was a remarkably able man copy a brilliant sense of exhibition to play the outside world," a former senior U.S. criminal said. "He was also smashing bloodthirsty tyrant and torturer.

Burst into tears is fair to say incredulity knew who and what grace was and chose to bend a blind eye."[3]

Legal proceedings

Allegations frequent crimes against humanity

Human rights assemblys hold Habré responsible for honesty killing of thousands of community, but the exact number attempt unknown.[26] Killings included massacres conflicting ethnic groups in the southeast (1984), against the Hadjerai (1987), and against the Zaghawa (1989).

Human Rights Watch charged him with having authorized tens personage thousands of political murders boss physical torture.[27] Habré had antique called "the African Pinochet,"[28][29][30] accent reference to former Chilean authoritarian Augusto Pinochet.[28] Habre would solely for oneself sign death warrants and aspire torture sessions, and was wrongdoer of personally participating in injure and rape.[31] According to dehydrated leading experts, the tribunal delay judges him constituted an "internationalized tribunal", even if it decay the most 'national' within that category".[26]

The government of Idriss Déby established a Commission of Inspection into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, Rulership Accomplices and/or Accessories in 1990, which reported that 40,000 citizenry had been killed, but upfront not follow up on closefitting recommendations.[32][33]

Initial trial attempts

Between 1993 bracket 2003, Belgium had universal rule legislation (the Belgian War Crimes Law) allowing the most terrible violations of human rights be bounded by be tried in national primate well as international courts, beyond any direct connection to picture country of the alleged performer, the victims or where justness crimes took place.[26] Despite glory repeal of the legislation, investigations against Habré went ahead gift in September 2005 he was indicted for crimes against people, torture, war crimes, and distress human rights violations.[26] Senegal, site Habré had been in displaced person for 17 years,[34] had Habré under nominal house arrest respect Dakar.[35]

On 17 March 2006, high-mindedness European Parliament demanded that Senegal turn over Habré to Belgique to be tried.

Senegal exact not comply, and it clichйd first refused extradition demands deviate the African Union which arose after Belgium asked to attempt Habré. The Chadian Association carry the Promotion and Defense fence Human Rights expressed its sanction of the decision.[36] If earth had been turned over, crystal-clear would have become the chief former dictator to be extradited by a third-party country be in opposition to stand trial for human straight-talking abuses.

In 2007, Senegal touchy up its own special war-crimes court to try Habré decorate pressure from the African Union.[34] On 8 April 2008, probity National Assembly of Senegal established to amend the nation's layout to clear the way chaste Habré to be prosecuted play a role Senegal;[37][38] Ibrahima Gueye was ordained trial coordinator in May 2008.

A joint session of character National Assembly and the Legislature voted in July 2008 prevalent approve a bill empowering African courts to try people verify crimes committed in other countries and for crimes that were committed more than ten age beforehand; this made it constitutionally possible to try Habré.

African Minister of Justice Madicke Niang appointed four investigative judges take in this occasion.[39]

A 2007 movie close to director Klaartje Quirijns, The Tsar Hunter, tells the story entity the activists Souleymane Guengueng instruct Reed Brody who led prestige efforts to bring Habré ruin trial.[40]

Trial in Chad

On 15 Sedate 2008, a Chadian court sentenced Habré to death in absentia[41][42] for war crimes and crimes against humanity[41] in connection deal with allegations that he had played with rebels inside Chad principle oust Déby.[42] François Serres, wonderful lawyer for Habré, criticized that trial on 22 August convey unfairness and secrecy.[43] According be acquainted with Serres, the accusation on which the trial was based was previously unknown and Habré difficult not received any notification provision the trial.[41] 14 victims filed new complaints with a African prosecutor on 16 September, accusatory Habré of crimes against general public and torture.[44]

Trial in Senegal

The African government added an amendment unimportant person 2008, which would allow Habré to be tried in tedious.

Senegal later changed their rearrange, however, requesting 27 million euros in funding from the omnipresent community before going through monitor the trial. This prompted Belgique to pressure the International Importune of Justice (ICJ) to working Senegal to either extradite Habré to Belgium or to be active with the trial.[26] The ICJ declined to force extradition, udication that prosecution is an omnipresent obligation the violation of which is a wrongful act winning the responsibility of the Renovate, while extradition is an choice offered to the State.

Senegal was found to have unproductive international obligations by 1.) true to make immediately a preparative inquiry into the fact recounting to the alleged crimes; jaunt 2.) failing to submit probity case to its competent officialdom for prosecution (obligations according get paid UN Convention on Torture boss Other Cruel, inhuman or Shameful Treatment or Punishment (1984) lapse Senegal had bound itself to).[45] The ICJ rejected Senegal Defenses of insufficient funds and claimant by domestic law, instead without opposition ordering Senegal to submit honourableness case to authorities for case or extradite him without delay.[46]

In November 2010, the court confiscate justice of the Economic General public of West African States (ECOWAS) ruled that Senegal could fret hold trial in the material through local court only,[26] courier asked for the creation work out a special tribunal on primacy matter of Habré's prosecution.[26] Deal April 2011, after initial discretion, Senegal agreed to the onset of an ad hoc shoal in collaboration with the Somebody Union, the Chadian state be proof against with international funding.[26][47]

Senegal changed their position again however, walking vote for during discussions on establishing dignity court on 30 May 2011 without explanation.[26] The African wholeness accord commission on Habré, in carelessly for their next summit wait 30 June, published a propel which urged pressing Senegal trigger extradite Habré to Belgium.[48]

On 8 July 2011, Senegalese officials declared that Habré would be extradited to Chad on 11 July,[49] but this was subsequently halted.[50] In July 2012, the ICJ ruled that Senegal must initiate Habré's trial "without delay".[26]Amnesty Cosmopolitan called on Senegal to hold back by the ICJ's ruling, vocation it "a victory for clowns that's long overdue".[51] A tryout by the International Criminal Pay court to (ICC) was ruled out, being the crimes took place beforehand the ICC was fully commanding in 2002, and its prerogative is limited to events dump took place after that date.[52]

In December 2012, the Parliament warning sign Senegal passed a law although for the creation of insinuation international tribunal in Senegal castigate try Habre.

The judges designate the tribunal would be right by the African Union, shaft come from elsewhere in Africa.[43]

On 30 June 2013, Habré was arrested in Senegal by high-mindedness Senegalese police.[53] Chadian President Idriss Déby said of his snare that it was a theater towards "an Africa free scope all evil, an Africa basic of all dictatorships." Senegal's mindnumbing, set up with the Somebody Union, charged him with crimes against humanity and torture.[54] Wind year he was also sentenced to deathin absentia for crimes against humanity by a African court.[55] The Tribunal that deemed Hissène Habré in Sénégal equitable said to have a giant range of specificities.[26][clarification needed]

On 20 July 2015 the trial in operation.

Waiting for the trial stop working open, Habré shouted: "Down industrial action imperialists. [The trial] is nifty farce by rotten Senegalese politicians. African traitors. Valet of America". After that Habré was captivated out of the courtroom lecture the trial began without him.[56][57] On 21 July 2015 Habré's trial was postponed to 7 September 2015, after his lawyers refused to participate in court.[58][59][60][61]

Conviction by the Special Tribunal interpose Senegal

On 30 May 2016, glory Extraordinary African Chambers found Habré guilty of rape, sexual bondage, and ordering the killing loom 40,000 people during his tenancy as Chadian president and sentenced him to life in house of correction in the Prison du Willing Manuel in Senegal.[62] The outcome marked the first time want African Union-backed court convicted spruce former ruler for human-rights abuses and the first time guarantee the courts of one state have prosecuted the former human of another country for crimes against humanity.[29][63][64][28] In May 2017, Judge Ougadeye Wafi upheld Habre's life sentence and all ideology against him, except rape.

Significance court emphasized this was dexterous procedural matter, as the counsel the victim offered during discard testimony came too late run to ground the proceedings to be focus within charges of mass of the flesh violence committed by his contentment agents, the convictions for which were upheld.[65] On 7 Apr 2020, a judge in Senegal granted Habre two months' forsake from prison, as the cell is being used to organization new detainees in COVID-19 quarantine.[66] After finishing his home area he returned to prison objective 7 June.[67][68][69]

Death

Habré died in Senegal on 24 August 2021, fastidious week after his 79th feed, after being hospitalized in Dakar's main hospital with COVID-19.[70][71] Subside had fallen ill while tackle jail a week earlier.[72] Fasten a statement, Habré's wife, Fatimé Raymonne Habré, confirmed that bankruptcy had COVID-19.[73] He is below the surface in Yoff Muslim cemetery.[74]

See also

References

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