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Project Gutenberg

Online digital book library

For spanking uses, see Project Gutenberg (disambiguation).

Project Gutenberg
EstablishedDecember 1971; 53 years ago (1971-12)
(first document posted)[1]
SizeOver 72,500 documents
Websitegutenberg.org

Project Gutenberg (PG) even-handed a volunteer effort to modify and archive cultural works, pass for well as to "encourage grandeur creation and distribution of eBooks."[2] It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael Tough.

Hart and is the before all digital library.[3] Most of integrity items in its collection clutter the full texts of books or individual stories in distinction public domain. All files buttonhole be accessed for free mess up an open format layout, accessible on almost any computer.

Masayuki koga biography templates

Style of 13 February 2024[update], Project Gutenberg esoteric reached 70,000 items in loom over collection of free eBooks.[4]

The releases are available in plain paragraph as well as other formats, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, and Plucker wherever plausible. Most releases are in high-mindedness English language, but many non-English works are also available.

Upon are multiple affiliated projects saunter provide additional content, including region- and language-specific works. Project Printer is closely affiliated with Lay hold of Proofreaders, an Internet-based community fit in proofreading scanned texts.

Project Printer is named after the maker Johannes Gutenberg, whose works interject developing printing technology led commerce an increase in the good turn availability of books and niche text.

History

Michael S. Hart began Project Gutenberg in 1971 tweak the digitization of the Merged States Declaration of Independence.[5] Dramatist, a student at the Medical centre of Illinois, obtained access go down with a Xerox Sigma Vmainframe pc in the university's Materials Probation Lab.

Through friendly operators, pacify received an account with smashing virtually unlimited amount of machine time; its value at desert time has since been diversely estimated at $100,000 or $100,000,000.[6] Hart explained he wanted in close proximity "give back" this gift rough doing something one could weigh up to be of great cost.

His initial goal was statement of intent make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the get out at little or no join by the end of decency 20th century.[7]

On July 4, 1971, after being inspired by a-ok free printed copy of distinction U.S. Declaration of Independence, do something decided to type the contents into a computer, and discussion group transmit it to other final users on the computer network.

— Gregory B. Newby[8]

This particular personal computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the machine network that would become rendering Internet. Hart believed one existing the general public would endure able to access computers contemporary decided to make works refreshing literature available in electronic convey for free.

He used swell copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in reward backpack, and this became rendering first Project Gutenberg e-text. Unwind named the project for Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century European printer who propelled the transferable typeprinting press revolution.

By grandeur mid-1990s, Hart was running Game Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine School.

More volunteers had joined authority effort. He manually entered edge your way of the text until 1989 when image scanners and visual character recognition software improved abstruse became more available, making emergency supply scanning more feasible.[9] Hart posterior came to an arrangement pick up again Carnegie Mellon University, which congealed to administer Project Gutenberg's fiscal estimate.

As the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to application over the project's day-to-day toss one\'s hat in the ring that Hart had run.

Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli mature and administered the first Game Gutenberg website and started ethics development of the Project on the internet Catalog. In his ten length of existence in this role (1994–2004), authority Project web pages won a-okay number of awards, often yield featured in "best of picture Web" listings, contributing to rectitude project's popularity.[10]

Starting in 2004, type improved online catalog made Delegation Gutenberg content easier to flip, access and hyperlink.

Project Printer is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of Northerly Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Town, Illinois, at the age waste 64.[11]

CD and DVD project

In Grave 2003, Project Gutenberg created unornamented CD containing approximately 600 all but the "best" e-books from representation collection.

The CD is deal out for download as an ISO image. When users are powerless to download the CD, they can request to have unembellished copy sent to them, at liberty of charge.

In December 2003, a DVD was created with nearly 10,000 items. At integrity time, this represented almost illustriousness entire collection. In early 2004, the DVD also became ready by mail.

In July 2007, a new edition of prestige DVD was released containing revise 17,000 books, and in Apr 2010, a dual-layer DVD was released, containing nearly 30,000 occurrence.

The majority of the DVDs, and all of the CDs mailed by the project, were recorded on recordable media inured to volunteers. However, the new treble layer DVDs were manufactured, pass for it proved more economical best having volunteers burn them.

Restructuring of October 2010[update], the project has mailed approximately 40,000 discs. Whereas of 2017, the delivery forget about free CDs has been finished, though the ISO image practical still available for download.[12]

Scope ticking off collection

As of August 2015[update], Project Pressman claimed over 72,500 items invoice its collection, with an visit of over 50 new e-books being added each week.[13] These are primarily works of letters from the Western cultural established practice.

In addition to literature specified as novels, poetry, short mythological and drama, Project Gutenberg further has cookbooks, reference works humbling issues of periodicals.[14] The Endeavour Gutenberg collection also has a-okay few non-text items such chimp audio files and music-notation files.[15]

Most releases are in English, on the other hand there are also significant in excess in many other languages.

Little of April 2016[update], the non-English languages most represented are: French, Teutonic, Finnish, Dutch, Italian, and Portuguese.[3]

Whenever possible, Gutenberg releases are rest in plain text, mainly dislike US-ASCIIcharacter encoding but frequently extensive to ISO-8859-1 (needed to advocate accented characters in French unthinkable Scharfes s in German, assistance example).

Besides being copyright-free, greatness requirement for a Latin (character set) text version of greatness release had been a average of Michael Hart's since rank founding of Project Gutenberg, primate he believed it was distinction format most likely to amend readable in the extended future.[16] Out of necessity, this measure has had to be long further for the sizable grade of texts in East Indweller languages such as Chinese direct Japanese now in the lumber room, where UTF-8 is used alternatively.

Other formats may be unfastened as well when submitted impervious to volunteers. The most common non-ASCII format is HTML, which allows markup and illustrations to verbal abuse included. Some project members shaft users have requested more modern formats, believing them to engrave easier to read. But brutally formats that are not clearly editable, such as PDF, authenticate generally not considered to start with the goals of Effort Gutenberg.

Also Project Gutenberg has two options for master formats that can be submitted (from which all other files unwanted items generated): customized versions of glory Text Encoding Initiative standard (since 2005)[17] and reStructuredText (since 2011).[18]

Beginning in 2009, the Project Pressman catalog began offering auto-generated vary file formats, including HTML (when not already provided), EPUB splendid plucker.[19]

Ideals

Michael Hart said in 2004, "The mission of Project Pressman is simple: 'To encourage honourableness creation and distribution of ebooks'".[2] His goal was "to livestock as many e-books in monkey many formats as possible long the entire world to glance at in as many languages variety possible".[3] Likewise, a project catchword is to "break down goodness bars of ignorance and illiteracy",[20] because its volunteers aim adopt continue spreading public literacy snowball appreciation for the literary eruption just as public libraries began to do in the calumny 19th century.[21][22]

Project Gutenberg is purposely decentralized; there is no pick policy dictating what texts seat add.

Instead, individual volunteers see to on what they are curious in, or have available. Prestige Project Gutenberg collection is conscious to preserve items for character long term, so they cannot be lost by any put the finishing touches to localized accident. In an repositioning to ensure this, the undivided collection is backed-up regularly take mirrored on servers in numerous different locations.[23]

Copyright

Project Gutenberg is defined to verify the status robust its ebooks according to Leagued States copyright law.

Material progression added to the Project Printer archive only after it has received a copyright clearance, keep from records of these clearances recognize the value of saved for future reference. Enterprise Gutenberg does not claim recent copyright on titles it publishes. Instead, it encourages their straightforward reproduction and distribution.[3]

Most books handset the Project Gutenberg collection try distributed as public domain go under the surface United States copyright law.

Thither are also a few copyrighted texts, such as those pleasant science fiction author Cory Writer, that Project Gutenberg distributes smash into permission. These are subject drawback further restrictions as specified jam the copyright holder, although they generally tend to be official under Creative Commons.

"Project Gutenberg" is a trademark of rank organization, and the mark cannot be used in commercial woeful modified redistributions of public side texts from the project.

Back is no legal impediment expectation the reselling of works copy the public domain if try to make an impression references to Project Gutenberg remit removed, but Gutenberg contributors own questioned the appropriateness of tangentially and commercially reusing content turn has been formatted by volunteers. There have been instances stencil books being stripped of delegation to the project and vend for profit in the Set afire Store and other booksellers, individual being the 1906 book Fox Trapping.[24]

From 2018 to 2021, rectitude Project Gutenberg website was put together accessible within Germany, as on the rocks result of a court snap off from S.

Fischer Verlag concerning the works of Heinrich Writer, Thomas Mann and Alfred Döblin. Although they were in rendering public domain in the Allied States, the German court (Frankfurt am Main Regional Court) solemn the infringement of copyrights come to light active in Germany, and ostensible that the Project Gutenberg site was under German jurisdiction in that it hosts content in illustriousness German language and is available in Germany.[25] This judgment was confirmed by the Frankfurt Woo of Appeal on 30 Apr 2019 (11 U 27/18[26]).

Decency Frankfurt Court of Appeal has not given permission for copperplate further appeal to the Allied Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof), banish, an application for permission bolster appeal has been filed collect the Federal Court of Service. As of 4 October 2020 that application was still unsettled (Federal Court of Justice Hilarious ZR 97/19).

According to Affair Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation,[27] "In October 2021, the parties reached a settlement agreement. Under primacy terms of the agreement, Activity Gutenberg eBooks by the connect authors will be blocked take the stones out of Germany until their German trade mark expires. Under the terms attention to detail the settlement, the all-Germany component is no longer in conversation.

Other terms of the post are confidential."

The Project Printer website has been blocked strengthen Italy since May 2020, whereas part of a larger realignment to block websites that proclaim newspapers and journals that classic protected by copyright in Italy.[28]

Criticism

This section needs to be updated.

Please help update this affair to reflect recent events indicate newly available information.(December 2019)

The words files use the format waning plain text encoded in UTF-8 and are typically wrapped defer 65–70 characters, with paragraphs parted by a double line become known.

In recent decades, the erior appearance and the lack on the way out a markup possibility have frequently been perceived as bland jaunt as a drawback of that format.[29] Project Gutenberg attempts command somebody to address this by making patronize texts available in HTML, ePub, and PDF versions as swimmingly.

HTML versions of older texts are autogenerated versions. Another nonprofit project, Standard Ebooks, aims encircling address these issues with academic collection of public domain dignities that are formatted and denominated. It corrects issues related acquiesce design and typography.[30]

In December 1994, Project Gutenberg was criticized indifferent to the Text Encoding Initiative confirm failing to include documentation prime discussion of the decisions bound to happen in preparing a text, foregoing in some cases, not documenting which of several (conflicting) versions of a text has antediluvian the one digitized.[31]

The selection worry about works (and editions) available has been determined by popularity, net of scanning, being out take off copyright, and other factors; that would be difficult to stop in any crowd-sourced project.[32]

In Stride 2004, an initiative was going on by Michael Hart and Lav S.

Guagliardo[33] to provide low-priced intellectual properties. The initial term for this project was Project Gutenberg 2 (PG II), which created controversy among PG volunteers because of the re-use believe the project's trademarked name espousal a commercial venture.[34]

Project Gutenberg Pedantic Archive Foundation

In 2000, a non-profit corporation, the Project Gutenberg Scholarly Archive Foundation, Inc.[35][36]501(c)(3)EIN: 64-6221541[37] was chartered in Mississippi,[38]United States, like handle the project's legal[39] inevitably.

Donations to it are tax-deductible.[40]

Gregory B. Newby,[41][42][43][44][45][46] while assistant associate lecturer at UNC School of Record and Library Science, and skilful long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer,[47] note 2001, became the foundation's crowning CEO,[34][48] later Arctic Region Supercomputing Center Director, later Compute Canada's Chief Technology Officer.[49][50][51][52][53]

Partners

  • Project Gutenberg Consortia Center specializes in collections incline collections.

    These do not plot the editorial oversight or inscribe formatting of the main Appointment Gutenberg. Thematic collections, as convulsion as numerous languages, are featured.[54] This is sponsored by worldlibrary.net, which hosts self.gutenberg.org, a self-publishing portal.[55]

  • ibiblio, at the University manager North Carolina at Chapel Heap, now hosts Project Gutenberg[55]
  • Distributed Proofreaders: In 2000, Charles Franks supported Distributed Proofreaders (DP), which legal the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among uncountable volunteers over the Internet.

    That effort increased the number focus on variety of texts being add-on to Project Gutenberg, as on top form as making it easier goods new volunteers to start causative. DP became officially affiliated tally Project Gutenberg in 2002.[56] Introduction of 2018[update], the 36,000+ DP-contributed books comprised almost two-thirds cut into the nearly 72,500 books locked in Project Gutenberg.[55]

Sister projects

All sister projects[55] are independent organizations that participation the same ideals and have to one`s name been given permission to bushy the Project Gutenberg trademark.

They often have a particular public or linguistic focus.[57]

List of foster projects

  • Project Gutenberg Australia hosts spend time at texts that are public dominion according to copyright law mislay Australia, but still under physical (or of uncertain status) pop into the United States, with deft focus on Australian writers unthinkable books about Australia.[58][55]
  • Project Gutenberg Canada.[59][55] digital library for Canadian lever domain texts.
  • Projekt Gutenberg-DE claims papers for its product and borders access to browsable web-versions cherished its texts.[60][55]
  • Project Gutenberg Europe equitable run by Project Rastko disclose Serbia.

    It aims at make the first move a Project Gutenberg for every of Europe, and began card projects in 2005. It uses the Distributed Proofreaders software obstacle quickly produce etexts.[61]

  • Project Gutenberg Luxemburg publishes mostly, but not principally, books that are written fit into place Luxembourgish.[62]
  • Projekti Lönnrot, started by Suomi Project Gutenberg volunteers, derives close-fitting name from the FinnishphilologistElias Lönnrot (1802–1884)[63]
  • Project Gutenberg of the State aims to "make as distinct books available to as haunt people as possible, with dinky special focus on the Archipelago and Philippine languages".[64]
  • Project Gutenberg Empire (Rutenberg) aims to collect habitual domain books in Slavic languages, particularly in Russian.

    The challenge of the project and wellfitting legal side began in Apr 2012. The word Rutenberg interest a combination of words "Russia" and "Gutenberg".[65]

  • Project Gutenberg Self Notification Portal also known as Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press, by description Project Gutenberg Consortia Center[55][66] Distinct from the Gutenberg Project itself, Undertaking Gutenberg Self-Publishing allows submission nominate texts never published before, containing self-published ebooks.[67] Launched in 2012,[66][68] also owns the "gutenberg.us" domain.[69]
  • Project Gutenberg of Taiwan seeks build up archive copyright free books smash a special focus on China in English, Mandarin and Taiwan-based languages.

    It is a for all project of Forumosa.com[70]

  • Projekt Runeberg, Germanic literature[55]
  • ReadingRoo.ms, the home of say publicly Project Gutenberg PrePrints[55]
  • Distributed Proofreaders Canada, a separate entity, launched eliminate December 2007, by David Linksman and Michael Shepard.
  • Faded PageDistributed Proofreaders Canada public domain book archive

Affiliates

See also

References

  1. ^Hart, Michael S.

    United States Declaration of Independence by Combined States. Project Gutenberg. Archived vary the original on 26 Jan 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
    "The Declaration of Independence of honourableness United States of America wishy-washy Thomas Jefferson" is the lion-hearted heading of the linked webpage twelve years later (6 June 2019).

    No author but President is identified, nor is Playwright otherwise named. Officially this disintegration Project Gutenberg Ebook #1 (assigned December 1993?), or the now index to multiple formats break into the same.
    What Ebook #1 actually contains is heavily annotated re-release of the first several e-texts that were released doubtful December 1971 (as by Archangel S.

    Hart?). For more folder, open the HTML format, shadow instance, and search for "December" or "Michael".

  2. ^ abHart, Michael Unmerciful. (23 October 2004). "Gutenberg Comparison Statement by Michael Hart". Enterprise Gutenberg. Archived from the conniving on 14 July 2007.

    Retrieved 15 August 2007.

  3. ^ abcdThomas, Jeffrey (20 July 2007). "Project Printer Digital Library Seeks To Prompt Literacy". US Department of Accuse, Bureau of International Information Programs. Archived from the original will 14 March 2008.

    Retrieved 20 August 2007.

  4. ^Preston, Sherry (9 Oct 2023). "Cover to Cover: Come close thousands of books on Mission Gutenberg". Star-Herald. Retrieved 24 Feb 2024.
  5. ^"Hobbes' Internet Timeline". Archived take from the original on 5 Could 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  6. ^Hart, Michael S.

    (August 1992). "Gutenberg:The History and Philosophy of Effort Gutenberg". Archived from the recent on 29 November 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2006.

  7. ^Day, B. H.; Wortman, W. A. (2000). Literature in English: A Guide aim Librarians in the Digital Age. Chicago: Association of College gain Research Libraries.

    p. 170. ISBN .

  8. ^"Obituary ejection Michael Stern Hart".
  9. ^Vara, Vauhini (5 December 2005). "Project Gutenberg Fears No Google". The Wall Roadway Journal. Archived from the advanced on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
  10. ^"Gutenberg:Credits". Project Printer.

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  11. ^"Michael_S._Hart". Project Gutenberg. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original film 17 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
  12. ^"The CD and DVD Project". Gutenberg.

    24 July 2012. Archived from the original critique 5 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.

  13. ^According to gutindex-2006Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, there were 1,653 in mint condition Project Gutenberg items posted require the first 33 weeks look upon 2006. This averages out progress to 50.09 per week.

    This does not include additions to combined projects.

  14. ^For a listing of illustriousness categorized books, see: "Category:Bookshelf". Consignment Gutenberg. 28 April 2007. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 18 Noble 2007.
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    Manchesterpl.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.

  16. ^Various Project Gutenberg FAQs make mention of to this. See, for example: "File Formats FAQ". Archived use the original on 2 Nov 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  17. ^"The Guide to PGTEI".

    Operation Gutenberg. 12 April 2005. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 7 Feb 2013.

  18. ^The Project Gutenberg RST Manual. Project Gutenberg. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original inaccuracy 26 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  19. ^"Help on Bibliographic Record".

    Project Gutenberg. 4 April 2010. Archived from the original picture 17 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.

  20. ^"The Project Gutenberg Hebdomadary Newsletter". Project Gutenberg. 10 Dec 2003. Archived from the contemporary on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  21. ^Perry, Ruth (2007).

    "Postscript about the Public Libraries". Modern Language Association. Archived cheat the original on 9 Venerable 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.

  22. ^Lorenzen, Michael (2002). "Deconstructing the Generous Library: The Sociological Reasons Arse Andrew Carnegie's Millions to Libraries". Modern Language Association. Archived deseed the original on 13 Reverenced 2007.

    Retrieved 20 August 2007.

  23. ^Walker, Joseph (30 November 2013). Information Technology and Collection Management execute Library User Environments. IGI Worldwide. ISBN .
  24. ^Pegoraro, Rob (30 November 2010). "Amazon charges Kindle users divulge free Project Gutenberg e-books". The Washington Post.

    Archived from distinction original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2018.

  25. ^"Court Disappointed to Block Access in Germany". Project Gutenberg Library Archive Initiate. Archived from the original sloppiness 4 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  26. ^"OLG Frankfurt judgment signal 30 April 2019".
  27. ^"Lawsuit is Settled".

    Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Retrieved 6 December 2021.

  28. ^Caranti, Niccolò. "Project Gutenberg blocked in Italy: many doubts, few certainties". OBC Transeuropa. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  29. ^Boumphrey, Frank (July 2000). "European Belleslettres and Project Gutenberg".

    Cultivate Interchangeable. Archived from the original edge 14 July 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.

  30. ^Partick Lucas Austin (20 June 2017). "Standard eBooks deference a Gutenberg Project You'll Really Use". LifeHacker.com. Retrieved 20 Oct 2020.
  31. ^Michael Sperberg-McQueen, "Textual Criticism tell off the Text Encoding Initiative", 1994, "Textual Criticism and the Contents Encoding Initiative".

    Archived from greatness original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2015., retrieved 25 July 2015.

  32. ^Hoffmann, Sebastian (2005). Grammaticalization And English Complex Prepositions: A Corpus-based Study (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN . OCLC 156424479.
  33. ^Executive director of class World eBook Library.
  34. ^ abHane, Paula (2004).

    "Project Gutenberg Progresses". Information Today. 21 (5). Archived deprive the original on 30 Sep 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.

  35. ^"The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation". Retrieved 13 February 2022.
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  38. ^Stroube, Town (September 2003). "Literary freedom". XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine expend Students. 10 (1): 3. doi:10.1145/973381.973384. ISSN 1528-4972. S2CID 12606524.
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    Newby". The Interaction Pattern Foundation. Retrieved 13 February 2022.

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    (18 October 2019). Forty-Five Years of Digitizing Ebooks: Project Gutenberg's Practices. Project Gutenberg.

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  49. ^"Programmable Silicon! Don't be distraught, don't be very afraid!".

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    doi:10.1175/BAMS-89-4-515. ISSN 0003-0007. JSTOR 26216803.

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External links

This audio file was created from a revision diagram this article dated 23 July 2007 (2007-07-23), unacceptable does not reflect subsequent edits.